People's Republic of China–Malaysia relations

China–Malaysia relations

China
Malaysia

China-Malaysia relations (Chinese: 中马关系; Malay Hubungan China-Malaysia) refers to bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, China and Malaysia. China has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur and consulate general in Kuching. Malaysia has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general in Guangzhou[1] Shanghai and Hong Kong.

Contents

History

Ming Dynasty alliance with Malacca Sultanate

Main articles: Ming dynasty and Malacca Sultanate

The Sultanate of Malacca voluntarily became a protectorate and tributary state to Ming dynasty China, which protected Malacca against its enemies with military force, allowing the Muslim Sultanate to prosper. the Chinese warded off Thailand and Majapahit from conquering Malacca, and also engaged in war against Portugal for conquering Malacca.

At the foundation of Malacca, the native peoples were the peoples with Hinduism and Buddhism influence. According to the annals record, at the time Parameswara founded Malacca, the country was often attacked by the old enemies Majapahit and the rivals from northern area of Malacca, Ayutthaya Kingdom. Malacca able to hold position and fight back the enemies. Parameswara decided to send his ambassador to visit the Emperor of China, one of the superpower of the period, the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and both agreed to become allies. Ever since the agreement between Malacca Empire and China Empire, the Ayutthaya Kingdom and Majapahit Empire never intended to attack Malacca. Later some record suggested that during the trade activities and arrival of the Chinese-Muslim admiral "Cheng Ho" or Zheng He, Parameswara converted to Islam and adopted an Islamic name, Sultan Iskandar Shah. The new religion spread quickly throughout his conversion and the voyage of Zheng He.

Ming dynasty China warned Thailand and the Majapahit against trying to conquer and attack the Malacca sultanate, placing the Malacca Sultanate under Chinese protection as a protectorate, and giving the ruler of Malacca the title of King. The Chinese strengthened several warehouses in Malacca. The Muslim Sultanate flourished due to the Chinese protection against the Thai and other powers who wanted to attack Malacca. Thailand was also a tributary to China and had to obey China's orders not to attack[2][3][4][5]

After the Portuguese invaded and destroyed the Malacca sultanate at the Capture of Malacca (1511), it established the Portuguese Malacca colony. The Chinese reacted with extreme anger at the Portuguese invasion of its ally.

The Chinese refused to accept a Portuguese embassy after the attack.[6][7][8]

The Chinese Imperial Government imprisoned and executed multiple Portuguese envoys after torturing them in Guangzhou. The Malaccans had informed the Chinese of the Portuguese seizure of Malacca, to which the Chinese responded with hostility toward the Portuguese. The Malaccans told the Chinese of the deception the Portuguese used, disguising plans for conquering territory as mere trading activities, and told of all the atrocities committed by the Portuguese. [9] Malacca was under Chinese protection and the Portuguese invasion angered the Chinese.[10]

Due to the Malaccan Sultan lodging a complaint against the Portuguese invasion to the Chinese Emperor, the Portuguese were greeted with hostility from the Chinese when they arrived in China.[11][12][13][14][15] The Sultan's complaint caused "a great deal of trouble" to Portuguese in China.[16] The Chinese were very "unwelcoming" to the Portuguese.[17] The Malaccan Sultan, based in Bintan after fleeing Malacca, sent a message to the Chinese, which combined with Portuguese banditry and violent activity in China, led the Chinese authorities to execute 23 Portuguese and torture the rest of them in jails. After the Portuguese set up posts for trading in China and committed piratical activities and raids in China, the Chinese responded with the complete extermination of the Portuguese in Ningbo and Quanzhou[18] Pires, a Portuguese trade envoy, was among those who died in the Chinese dungeons.[19][20][21] The rest of the embassy were imprisoned for life[22]

The Chinese defeated a Portuguese fleet in 1521 at the First Battle of Tamao (1521), killing and capturing so many Portuguese that the Portuguese had to abandon their junks and retreat with only three ships, only escaping back to Malacca because a wind scattered the Chinese ships as the Chinese launched a final attack.[23]

The Chinese effectively held the Portuguese embassy hostage, using them as a bargaining chip in demanding that the Portuguese restore the deposed Malaccan Sultan (King) to his throne.[24]

The Chinese proceeded to executed several Portuguese by beating and strangling them, and torturing the rest. The other Portuguese prisoners were put into iron chains and kept in prison.[25]The Chinese confisticated all of the Potuguese property and goods in the Pires embassy's possesion.[26]

In 1522 Martim Afonso de Merlo Coutinho was appointed commander of another Portuguese fleet sent to establish diplomatic relations.[27] The Chinese defeated the Portuguese ships lead by Coutinho at the Second Battle of Tamao (1522). A large amount of Portuguese were captured and ships destroyed during the battle. The Portuguese were forced to retreat to Malacca.[28][29]

The Chinese forced Pires to write letters for them, demanding that the Portuguese restore the deposed Malaccan Sultahn (King) back onto his throne. The Malay ambassador to China was to deliver the letter.[30]

The Chinese had sent a message to the deposed Sultan (King) of Malacca concerning the fate of the Portuguese embassy, which the Chinese held prisoner. When they received his reply, the Chinese officials then proceeded to executed the Portuguese embassy, slicing their bodies into multiple pieces. Their genitalia were inserted into the oral cavity. The Portuguese were executed in public in multiple areas in Guangzhou, deliberately by the Chinese in order to show that the Portuguese were insignificant in the eyes of the Chinese.[31]When more Portuguese ships landed and were seized by the Chinese, the Chinese then executed them as well, cutting off the genitalia and beheading the bodies and forcing their fellow Portuguese to wear the body parts, while the Chinese celebrated with music. The genitalia and heads were displayed strung up for display in public, after which they were discarded.[32]

In response to Portuguese piracy and establishing bases in Fujian at Wuyu island and Yue harbor at Zhangzhou, Shuangyu island in Wenzhou, and Nan'ao island in Guangdong, the Imperial Chinese Right Deputy Commander Zhu Wang exterminated all the pirates and razedthe Shuangyu Portuguese base, using force to prohibit trading with foreigners by sea.[33]

Chinese traders boycotted Malacca after it fell under Portuguese control, some Chinese in Java assisted in Muslim attempts to reconquer the city from Portugal using ships. The Java Chinese participation in retaking Malacca was recorded in "The Malay Annals of Semarang and Cerbon"[34] trading the Chinese did business with Malays and Javanese instead of the Portuguese.[35]

Peranakan Chinese

In old times the first group of Chinese people in Malaysia used to be held in high regard by Malays. Some old Malays in the past may have taken the word "Baba", referring to Chinese males, and put it into their name, when this used to be the case.[36][37][38] This is not followed by the younger generation of Malays, and the current Chinese Malaysians do not have the same status or respect as the previous ones.

Modern Times

Modern Malaysia and China have had bad relations, since Malaysia was allied to the West, Britain and America during the Cold War.

Diplomatic relations were established in 1974.[39]

Diplomatic ties

Following the end of the Cold War, diplomatic foreign relations between China and Malaysia immediately and positively changed. That being said, political and cultural connections between the two nations began to strengthen. Both countries are full members of APEC, and there is a sizeable population of Chinese in Malaysia.

References

  1. ^ http://www.kln.gov.my/web/chn_guangzhou/home
  2. ^ Warren I. Cohen (2000). East Asia at the center: four thousand years of engagement with the world (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 175. ISBN 0231101090. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZkLqv9pdCk4C&pg=PA180&dq=malacca+chinese+seized+portuguese+embassy&hl=en&ei=RSr1TdHSLO2o0AH9-OjrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=protectorate%20melaka%20paramesvara&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "One of the great beneficiaries of Chinese naval power in the early years of the fifteen century was the city-state of Melaka...Perceiving threats from Majapahit and the Tai who were extending their power down the Malay peninsula, Paramesvara looked to the more distant Chinese as a counterweight. He responded quickly to Ming overtures, sent a tribute mission to China in 1405 and was invested as king of Melaka by the Ming emperor. Visits by Zheng He's fleets left little doubt in the region that Melaka had become a Chinese protectorate. Taking no chances, Paramesvara personally led tribute mission to Peking on two or three occasions." 
  3. ^ Kenneth Warren Chase (2003). Firearms: a global history to 1700 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 0521822742. http://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&pg=PA142&dq=malacca+chinese++portuguese++attack&hl=en&ei=lyr1TYTtCKfn0QGi_6yFDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBA#v=snippet&q=chinese%20recognized%20melaka%20independent%20state%20warned%20king%20thailand%20not%20meddle&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "The Chinese recognized Melaka as an independent state and warned the king of Thailand not to meddle with it... Nevertheless, the Chinese did not seek to establish colonies overseas, even when they anchored in places with large Chinese populations, like Sumatra and Java. They turned Melaka into a kind of protectorate and built a fortified warehouse there, but that was about it." 
  4. ^ Colonial armies in Southeast Asia. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 1134314760. http://books.google.com/books?id=Yn25FY2pY3EC&pg=PA21&dq=malacca+arabs+to+the+sword&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XHfqTtXaMIjx0gHn0422CQ&ved=0CGgQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=malacca%20arabs%20to%20the%20sword&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "important legacy of Chinese imperialism... by intervening in the Melaka Straits in a way that faciliated the rise of Melaka, and protected it from depredations from Thailand (Siam) and from Java's state of Majapahit;...Melaka ...having been founded...by a ruler fleeing Singapore in the fact of Thai and Javanese hostility. Melaka repeatedly sent envoys to China. China in turn claimed the power to deter other tributary states, such as Thailand, from interfering with Melaka, and also claimed to have raised the 'chief' of Melaka to the status of king in 1405, and Melaka to a protected polity in 1410. Melaka as a Muslim Sultanate consolidated itself and thrived precisely in an era of Chinese-led 'globalisation'. which was gathering pace by the late fourteenth century, and peaked at this time." 
  5. ^ Karl Hack, Tobias Rettig, ed (2006). Colonial armies in Southeast Asia. Volume 33 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 21. ISBN 0415334136. http://books.google.com/books?id=rxkKu46vhj0C&pg=PA21&dq=malacca+arabs+to+the+sword&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XHfqTtXaMIjx0gHn0422CQ&ved=0CGEQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=malacca%20arabs%20to%20the%20sword&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "important legacy of Chinese imperialism... by intervening in the Melaka Straits in a way that faciliated the rise of Melaka, and protected it from depredations from Thailand (Siam) and from Java's state of Majapahit;...Melaka ...having been founded...by a ruler fleeing Singapore in the fact of Thai and Javanese hostility. Melaka repeatedly sent envoys to China. China in turn claimed the power to deter other tributary states, such as Thailand, from interfering with Melaka, and also claimed to have raised the 'chief' of Melaka to the status of king in 1405, and Melaka to a protected polity in 1410. Melaka as a Muslim Sultanate consolidated itself and thrived precisely in an era of Chinese-led 'globalisation'. which was gathering pace by the late fourteenth century, and peaked at this time." 
  6. ^ Kenneth Warren Chase (2003). Firearms: a global history to 1700 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0521822742. http://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&pg=PA142&dq=malacca+chinese++portuguese++attack&hl=en&ei=lyr1TYTtCKfn0QGi_6yFDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=malacca%20chinese%20%20portuguese%20%20attack&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "The Portuguese spent several years trying to establish formal relations with China, but Melaka had been part of the Chinese tributary system, and the Chinese had found out about the Portuguese attack, making them suspicious. The embassy was formally rejected in 1521." 
  7. ^ Kenneth Warren Chase (2003). Firearms: a global history to 1700 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0521822742. http://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&pg=PA142&dq=malacca+chinese++portuguese++attack&hl=en&ei=lyr1TYTtCKfn0QGi_6yFDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=malacca%20chinese%20%20portuguese%20%20attack&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "The Portuguese spent several years trying to establish formal relations with China, but Melaka had been part of the Chinese tributary system, and the Chinese had found out about the Portuguese attack, making them suspicious. The embassy was formally rejected in 1521." 
  8. ^ Warren I. Cohen (2000). East Asia at the center: four thousand years of engagement with the world (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 180. ISBN 0231101090. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZkLqv9pdCk4C&pg=PA180&dq=malacca+chinese+seized+portuguese+embassy&hl=en&ei=RSr1TdHSLO2o0AH9-OjrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "Having overrun the Chinese protectorate at Melaka, the Portuguese now prepared to challenge the region's hegemonic power." 
  9. ^ Nigel Cameron (1976). Barbarians and mandarins: thirteen centuries of Western travelers in China. Volume 681 of A phoenix book (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 143. ISBN 0226092291. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZOc-AQAAIAAJ&q=envoy,+had+most+effectively+poured+out+his+tale+of+woe,+of+deprivation+at+the+hands+of+the+Portuguese+in+Malacca;+and+he+had+backed+up+the+tale+with+others+concerning+the+reprehensible+Portuguese+methods+in+the+Moluccas,+making+the+case+(quite+truthfully)&dq=envoy,+had+most+effectively+poured+out+his+tale+of+woe,+of+deprivation+at+the+hands+of+the+Portuguese+in+Malacca;+and+he+had+backed+up+the+tale+with+others+concerning+the+reprehensible+Portuguese+methods+in+the+Moluccas,+making+the+case+(quite+truthfully)&hl=en&ei=BHafTvGvLILo0QHDuNXeBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA. Retrieved 18 July 2011. "envoy, had most effectively poured out his tale of woe, of deprivation at the hands of the Portuguese in Malacca; and he had backed up the tale with others concerning the reprehensible Portuguese methods in the Moluccas, making the case (quite truthfully) that European trading visits were no more than the prelude to annexation of territory. With the tiny sea power at this time available to the Chinese" )
  10. ^ Zhidong Hao (2011). Macau History and Society (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9888028545. http://books.google.com/books?id=LP9q1dzVRYQC&pg=PA11&dq=malacca+chinese++portuguese++attack&hl=en&ei=lyr1TYTtCKfn0QGi_6yFDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=malacca%20chinese%20%20portuguese%20%20attack&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "Pires came as an ambassador to Beijing to negotiate trade terms and settlements with China. He did make it to Beijing, but the mission failed because first, while Pires was in Beijing, the dethroned Sultan of Malacca also sent an envoy to Beijing to complain to the emperor about the Portuguese attack and conquest of Malacca. Malacca was part of China's suzerainty when the Portuguese took it. The Chinese were apparently not happy with what the Portuguese did there." 
  11. ^ Ahmad Ibrahim, Sharon Siddique, Yasmin Hussain, ed (1985). Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 11. ISBN 9971988089. http://books.google.com/books?id=BeDKqPTeHnUC&pg=PA11&dq=China+was+far+from+friendly;+this,+it+seems,+had+something+to+do+with+the+complaint+which+the+ruler+of+Malacca,+conquered+by+the+Portuguese+in+1511,+had+lodged+with+the+Chinese+emperor,+his+suzerain.+There+are+hints+that+Pires&hl=en&ei=WUifTuucEMfs0gHy07GaCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=China%20was%20far%20from%20friendly%3B%20this%2C%20it%20seems%2C%20had%20something%20to%20do%20with%20the%20complaint%20which%20the%20ruler%20of%20Malacca%2C%20conquered%20by%20the%20Portuguese%20in%201511%2C%20had%20lodged%20with%20the%20Chinese%20emperor%2C%20his%20suzerain.%20There%20are%20hints%20that%20Pires&f=false. Retrieved 18 July 2011. "in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Malacca, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his suzerain." )
  12. ^ Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands) (1968). Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde, Part 124. M. Nijhoff. p. 446. http://books.google.com/books?ei=WUifTuucEMfs0gHy07GaCQ&ct=result&id=Mz4iAQAAMAAJ&dq=China+was+far+from+friendly%3B+this%2C+it+seems%2C+had+something+to+do+with+the+complaint+which+the+ruler+of+Malacca%2C+conquered+by+the+Portuguese+in+1511%2C+had+lodged+with+the+Chinese+emperor%2C+his+suzerain.+There+are+hints+that+Pires&q=1511+lodged+chinese+emperor+suzerain. Retrieved 18 July 2011. "The reception in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Malacca, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his suzerain." (University of Minnesota)
  13. ^ Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde, Volume 124. 1968. p. 446. http://books.google.com/books?ei=WUifTuucEMfs0gHy07GaCQ&ct=result&id=KS8KAQAAIAAJ&dq=China+was+far+from+friendly%3B+this%2C+it+seems%2C+had+something+to+do+with+the+complaint+which+the+ruler+of+Malacca%2C+conquered+by+the+Portuguese+in+1511%2C+had+lodged+with+the+Chinese+emperor%2C+his+suzerain.+There+are+hints+that+Pires&q=1511+suzerain. Retrieved 18 July 2011. "The reception in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Malacca, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his suzerain." (the University of California)
  14. ^ The propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay archipelago. Malaysian Sociological Research Institute,. 2001. p. 136. ISBN 9839986627. http://books.google.com/books?ei=onqfTsyGMIHw0gHjx8jUBA&ct=result&id=4tHXAAAAMAAJ&dq=His+reception+in+China+was+far+from+friendly%3B+this%2C+it+seems%2C+had+something+to+do+with+the+complaint+which+the+ruler+of+Melaka%2C+conquered+by+the+Portuguese+in+1511%2C+had+lodged+with+the+Chinese+emperor%2C+his+suzerain.&q=1511+suzerain. Retrieved 18 July 2011. "His reception in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Melaka, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his suzerain." (the University of Michigan)
  15. ^ Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië, Hague (1968). Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, Volume 124. M. Nijhoff. p. 446. http://books.google.com/books?ei=-XqfTo7oH-rz0gHgpY34BA&ct=result&id=8FPjAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+reception+in+China+was+far+from+friendly%3B+this%2C+it+seems%2C+had+something+to+do+with+the+complaint+which+the+ruler+of+Malacca%2C+conquered+by+the+Portuguese+in+1511%2C+had+lodged+with+the+Chinese+emperor%2C+his+suzerain.&q=far+friendly. Retrieved 18 July 2011. "The reception in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Malacca, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his suzerain." (the University of Michigan)
  16. ^ John Horace Parry (June 1, 1981). The discovery of the sea. University of California Press. p. 238. ISBN 0520042379. http://books.google.com/books?id=kCREcRCFD0QC&dq=malacca+chinese++portuguese&q=sultan+marshes+his+remote+suzerain+chinese+emperor#v=snippet&q=sultan%20marshes%20his%20remote%20suzerain%20chinese%20emperor&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "In 1511... Alboquerque himself sailed ... to attack Malacca...The Sultan of Malacca fled down the coast, to establish himself in the marshes of Johore, whence he sent petitions for redress to his remote suzerain, the Chinese Emperor. These petitions later caused the Portuguese, in their efforts to gain admission to trade at Canton, a great deal of trouble" 
  17. ^ John Horace Parry (June 1, 1981). The discovery of the sea. University of California Press. p. 239. ISBN 0520042379. http://books.google.com/books?id=kCREcRCFD0QC&pg=PA239&dq=malacca+chinese++portuguese&hl=en&ei=fir1TfPPA6Hn0QGv7-zrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=malacca%20chinese%20%20portuguese&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "When the Portuguese tried to penetrate, in their own ships, to Canton itself, their reception by the Chinese authorities—understandably, in view of their reputation at Malacca—was unwelcoming, and several decades elapsed before they secured a tolerated toehold at Macao." 
  18. ^ Ernest S. Dodge (1976). Islands and Empires: Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia. Volume 7 of Europe and the World in Age of Expansion. U of Minnesota Press. p. 226. ISBN 0816608539. http://books.google.com/books?id=B9jOp9SlQIwC&pg=PA226&dq=The+inexusable+behavior+of+the+Portuguese,+combined+with+the+ill-chosen+language+of+the+letters+which+Pires+presented+to+the+celestial+emperor,+supplemented+by+a+warning+from+the+Malay+sultan+of+Bintan,+persuaded+the+Chinese+that+Pires+was+indeed+up+to+no+good&hl=en&ei=0nefTsPpB-n20gHF1NTWBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20inexusable%20behavior%20of%20the%20Portuguese%2C%20combined%20with%20the%20ill-chosen%20language%20of%20the%20letters%20which%20Pires%20presented%20to%20the%20celestial%20emperor%2C%20supplemented%20by%20a%20warning%20from%20the%20Malay%20sultan%20of%20Bintan%2C%20persuaded%20the%20Chinese%20that%20Pires%20was%20indeed%20up%20to%20no%20good&f=false. Retrieved 18 July 2011. "The inexusable behavior of the Portuguese, combined with the ill-chosen language of the letters which Pires presented to the celestial emperor, supplemented by a warning from the Malay sultan of Bintan, persuaded the Chinese that Pires was indeed up to no good" )
  19. ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette (1964). The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2 (4, reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 235. http://books.google.com/books?ei=wUifTpLqF8r50gHE45GFCQ&ct=result&id=MkBwAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Moslem+ruler+of+Malacca%2C+whom+they+had+dispossessed%2C+complained+of+them+to+the+Chinese+authorities.+A+Portuguese+envoy%2C+Pires%2C+who+reached+Peking+in+1520+was+treated+as+a+spy%2C+was+conveyed+by+imperial+order+to+Canton&q=moslem+pires+1520. Retrieved 18 July 2011. "The Moslem ruler of Malacca, whom they had dispossessed, complained of them to the Chinese authorities. A Portuguese envoy, Pires, who reached Peking in 1520 was treated as a spy, was conveyed by imperial order to Canton" (the University of Michigan)
  20. ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette (1942). The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2 (2 ed.). Macmillan. p. 313. http://books.google.com/books?ei=EUmfTtD_MoXf0QG1qdjJCQ&ct=result&id=ixAhAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Moslem+ruler+of+Malacca%2C+whom+they+had+dispossessed%2C+complained+of+them+to+the+Chinese+authorities.+A+Portuguese+envoy%2C+Pires%2C+who+reached+Peking+in+1520+was+treated+as+a+spy%2C+was+conveyed+by+imperial+order+to+Canton&q=moslem+ruler+complained+pires. Retrieved 18 July 2011. "The Moslem ruler of Malacca, whom they had dispossessed, complained of them to the Chinese authorities. A Portuguese envoy, Pires, who reached Peking in 1520 was treated as a spy, was conveyed by imperial order to Canton" (the University of Michigan)
  21. ^ John William Parry (1969). Spices: The story of spices. The spices described. Volume 1 of Spices. Chemical Pub. Co.. p. 102. http://books.google.com/books?id=llo-AQAAIAAJ&q=Fernao+Pires+de+Andrade+reached+Peking,+China,+in+1520,+but+unfortunately+for+that+Portuguese+envoy,+he+was+treated+as+a+spy+and+died+in+a+Cantonese+prison.&dq=Fernao+Pires+de+Andrade+reached+Peking,+China,+in+1520,+but+unfortunately+for+that+Portuguese+envoy,+he+was+treated+as+a+spy+and+died+in+a+Cantonese+prison.&hl=en&ei=bEmfTvfCD8f50gGC7Yi1BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA. Retrieved 18 July 2011. "Fernao Pires de Andrade reached Peking, China, in 1520, but unfortunately for that Portuguese envoy, he was treated as a spy and died in a Cantonese prison. establishing a" (the University of California)
  22. ^ Stephen G. Haw (2008). A traveller's history of China (5, illustrated ed.). Interlink Books. p. 134. ISBN 1566564867. http://books.google.com/books?id=CBOpWiyl4NsC&pg=PA134&dq=malacca+chinese+portuguese+embassy&hl=en&ei=BCr1TevSB6ez0AG_sdjtDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=malacca%20chinese%20portuguese%20embassy&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "the Portuguese had established positions in India. . . They seize Malacca in 1511, and immediately began to explore the routes to the south China coast. As early as 1514 the first Portuguese ships reached China. An official embassy was despatched from Malacca to Guangzhou in 1517, but was not allowed to proceed to Beijing until 1520. . . At the same time envoys arrived from Malacca seeking Chinese help against Portuguese rapacity. Shortly afterwards trade with the Europeans was banned, and the members of the Portuguese embassy were throne into prison on their return to Guangzhou; they were never released." 
  23. ^ Armando Cortesão, ed (1990). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack .... Volume 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xl. ISBN 8120605357. http://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40&dq=malacca+chinese+seized+portuguese+embassy&hl=en&ei=RSr1TdHSLO2o0AH9-OjrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=malacca%20chinese%20seized%20portuguese%20embassy&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "In the meantime, after the departure of Simão de Andrade, the ship Madalena, which belonged to D. Nuno Manuel, coming from Lisbon under the command of Diogo Calvo, arrived at Tamão with some other vessels from Malacca, among them the junk of Jorge Álvares, which the year before could not sail with Simão de Andrade's fleet, because she had sprung a leak. When the instructions issued from Peking against the Portuguese arrived in Canton, together with the news of the death of the Emperor, the Chinese seized Vasco Calvo, a brother of Diogo Calvo, and other Portuguese who were in Canton trading ashore. On 27 June 1521 Duarte Coelho arrived with two junks at Tamão. Besides capturing some of the Portuguese vessels, the Chinese blockaded Diogo Calvo's ship and four other Portuguese vessels in Tamão with a large fleet of armed junks. A few weeks later Ambrósio do Rego arrived with two other ships. As many of the Portuguese crews had been killed in the fighting, slaughtered afterwards or taken prisoners, by this time there was not enough Portuguese for all the vessels, and thus Calvo, Coelho, and Rego resolved to abandon the junks in order the batteter to man the three ships. They set sail on 7 September and were attacked by the Chinese fleet, managing however to escape, thanks to a providential gale which scattered the enemy junks, and arrived at Malacca in October 1521. Vieira mentions other junks which arrived in China with Portuguese aboard; all were attacked, and the entire crews were killed fighting or were taken prisoners and slaughtered later." 
  24. ^ Armando Cortesão, ed (1990). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack .... Volume 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xl. ISBN 8120605357. http://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40&dq=malacca+chinese+seized+portuguese+embassy&hl=en&ei=RSr1TdHSLO2o0AH9-OjrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=malacca%20chinese%20seized%20portuguese%20embassy&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "Finally Pires and his companions left Peking on 22 May and arrived in Canton on 22 Sept. 1521. Francisco de Budoia died during the journey. From Peking instructions were sent to Canton that the ambassador and his suite should be kept in custody, and that only after the Portuguese had evacuated Malacca and returned it to its king, a vassal of the Emperor of China, would the members of the embassy be liberated." 
  25. ^ Armando Cortesão, ed (1990). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack .... Volume 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xli. ISBN 8120605357. http://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40&dq=malacca+chinese+seized+portuguese+embassy&hl=en&ei=RSr1TdHSLO2o0AH9-OjrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=pires%20companions%20fortnight%20three%20position&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "From Diogo Calvo's ship there remained, besides Vasco Calvo, seven other Portuguese and four servants, who escape the slaughter because they said that they belonged to Pires' embassy. But many others died in prison, some of hunger, many strangled, 'after carrying boards stating that they should die as sea-robbers', one struck on the head with a mallet, and others beaten to death. Pires and his companionis arrived at Canton a fortnight after the three Portuguese ships had escaped from Tamão, and they found themselves in a most difficult position. They were immediately summoned to the presence of the Pochanci, and Pires was told to write to the Portuguese in Malacca telling them to return the country to its ex-king. Let Vieira describe for us what then happened: "Tomé Pires replifed that he had not come for that purpose, nor was it meet for him to discuss such a matter; that it would be evident from the letter he had brought that he had no knowledge of anthing else. . . . With these questions he kept us on our knees for four hourse; and when he had tired himself out, he sent each one back to the prison in which he was kept. On 14 August 1522 the Pochanci put fetters on the hands of Tomé Pires, and on those of the company he put fetters, and irons on their feet, the fetters soldered on their wrists; and they took from us all the property that we had. Thus, with chains on our necks, and through the city, they took us to the house of the Anchaci. There they knocked off our fetters and put on us stronger chains; on our legs fetters were soldered, and chains on our necks; and from there they sent us to this prison. At the entrance to this prison António de Almeida died from the heavy fetters that we bore; our arms were swollen, and our legs cut by the tight chains. This, with a decision that two days afterwards they would kills us. Before it was night, they put fetters once more on Tomé Pires and conducted him alone, barefoot and without a cap, amid the footings of boys, to the prison of Kuang-chou-fu (Cancheufu), in order to see the goods that they had taken from us, which had to be described: and the mandarin" 
  26. ^ Armando Cortesão, ed (1990). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack .... Volume 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xlii. ISBN 8120605357. http://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40&dq=malacca+chinese+seized+portuguese+embassy&hl=en&ei=RSr1TdHSLO2o0AH9-OjrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=rhubarb%20one%20thousand%20five%20hundred&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "clerks who were present wrote down ten and stole three hundred . . . The goods that they took from us were twenty quintals of rhubarb, one thousand five hundred or six hundred rich pieces of silk, a matter of four thousand slik handkerchiefs which the Chinese call sheu-pa (xopas) of Nanking, and many fans, and also three arrobas of musk in powerder, one thousand three hundred pods of musk, four thousand odd taels of silver and seventy or eighty taels of gold and other pices of silver, and all the cloths, pieces of value, both Portuguese and Chinese, the pachak of Jorge Botelho, incense, liquid storax, tortoise-shells, also pepper and other trifles. These were delivered into the factory of Kuang-chou-fu as the property of the robbers. The present of our Lord the King which he sent to the King of China is in the factory of the Pochanci' (fols. 106—7). . . Fernão Mendes Pinto tells us that in 1541 he saw the Mandarin of Nouday 'mounted on a good horse, with certain cuirasses of red velvet with gilt studs of ancient date, which we afterwards learnt belonged to one Tomé Pires, whom the King Dom Manuel of glorious memory sent as ambassador to China, in the ship of Fernão Pres de Andrade, when Lopo Soares de Albergaria was governing the State of India'." 
  27. ^ Armando Cortesão, ed (1990). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack .... Volume 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xlii. ISBN 8120605357. http://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40&dq=malacca+chinese+seized+portuguese+embassy&hl=en&ei=RSr1TdHSLO2o0AH9-OjrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=martim%20afonso%20melo%20countinho%20lisbon%20sailed&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "Meanwhile from India, where the news of this state of affairs had not yet arrived, another fleet of four ships under the command of Martim Afonso de Merlo Coutinho sailed for China in April 1522. Countinho had left Lisbon just one year before, commimssioned by Dom Manuel wih a message of good-will to the Emperor of China, for which purpose he carried another ambassador with him." 
  28. ^ Armando Cortesão, ed (1990). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack .... Volume 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xliii. ISBN 8120605357. http://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40&dq=malacca+chinese+seized+portuguese+embassy&hl=en&ei=RSr1TdHSLO2o0AH9-OjrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=six%20sail%20left%2010%20%20attacked%20&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "Coutinho's fleet of six sail left Malacca on 10 July and arrived at Tamão in August 1522. They were sson attacked by the Chinese fleet. The Portuguese had many men killed and taken prisoners, two ships and the junk were lost, and after vain efforts to re-establish relations with the Cantonese authorities, Coutinho returned with the other ships to Malacca, where he arrived in the middle of October 1522. Though some chroniclers put the blame on the Chinese, Chang quotes Chinese sources which assert that the Portuguese should be held responsible for the outbreak of hostilities." 
  29. ^ Armando Cortesão, ed (1990). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack .... Volume 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xlvi. ISBN 8120605357. http://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&dq=malacca+chinese+seized+portuguese+embassy&q=intended+come+against#v=onepage&q=coutinho%20fol.%20121%201522%20correctly&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "On fol. 108v. it is stated that Martim Afonso de Melo Coutinho went from Malacca to China in 1521, but in fol. 121 it is correctly said that he arrived in 1522." 
  30. ^ Armando Cortesão, ed (1990). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack .... Volume 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xliii. ISBN 8120605357. http://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40&dq=malacca+chinese+seized+portuguese+embassy&hl=en&ei=RSr1TdHSLO2o0AH9-OjrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=mandarins%20letter%20ex%20king%20returned%20master&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "According to Vieira the mandarins again ordered that Pires should write a letter to the King of Portugal, which the ambassador of the ex-king of Malacca should take to Malacca, in order that his country and people might be returned to their former master; if a satisfactory reply did not come, the Portuguese ambassador would not return. A draft letter in Chinese was sent to the imprisoned Portuguese, from which they wrote three letters, for King Manuel, the Governor of India and the Captain of Malacca. These letters were delivered to the Cantonese authorities on 1 Oct. 1522. The Malay ambassador was not anxious to be the courier, nor was it easy to find another. At last a junk with fifteen Malays and fifteen Chinese sailed from Canton on 31 May 1523 and reached Pattani." 
  31. ^ Armando Cortesão, ed (1990). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack .... Volume 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xliv. ISBN 8120605357. http://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&dq=malacca+chinese+seized+portuguese+embassy&q=intended+come+against#v=snippet&q=intended%20come%20against&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "A message came to the king of Bintang from his ambassador [in Canton], and the man who brought it soon returned. The report which the king of Bintang was spreading in the country is that the Chinese intended to come against Malacca. This is not very certain, though there are things that may happen. If they come, they will do great harm, unless the Captain-major [of India] shall come in time, as I am writing to him. . . The man who brought a message to the king of Bintang 'soon returned', says Jorge de Albuquerque. Vieira tells us that the junk 'returned with a message from the king of Malacca, and reached Canton on the 5th September' (fol.110V.). . . 'On the day of St. Nicholas [6 Dec.] in the year 1522 they put boards on them [the Portuguese prisoners] with the sentence that they should die and be exposed in pillories as robbers. The sentences said: "Petty sea robbers sent by the great tobber falsely; they come to spy out our country; let them die in pillories as robbers." a report was sent to the king according to the information of the mandarins, and the king confirmed the sentence. On 23 Sept. 1523 these twenty-three persons were each one cut in pieces, to wit, heads, legs, arms, and their private members placed in their mouths, the trunk of the body being divided into two pices around the belly. In the streets of Canton," 
  32. ^ Armando Cortesão, ed (1990). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack .... Volume 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xlv. ISBN 8120605357. http://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&dq=malacca+chinese+seized+portuguese+embassy&q=intended+come+against#v=onepage&q=heads%20private%20members%20musical%20instruments&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "outside the walls, in the suburbs, though the principal streets they were put to death, at distances of one crossbow shot from one another, that all might see them, both those of Canton and those of the environs, in order to give them to understand that they thought nothing of the Portuguese, so that the people might not talk about Portuguese. Thus our ships were captured through two captains not agreeing, and so all in the ships were taken, they were all killed, and their heads and private members were carried on the backs of the Portuguese in front of the Mandarin of Canton with the playing of musical instruments and rejoicing, were exhibited suspended in the streets, and were then thrown into the dunghills. And form henceforward it was resolved not to allow any more Portuguese into the country nor other strangers' (fol. 109). Vieira's letter, probably finished in November 1524, says that of al the Portuguese only he and Vasco Calvo were still alive," 
  33. ^ Qingxin Li (2006). Maritime silk road. 五洲传播出版社. p. 117. ISBN 7508509323. http://books.google.com/books?id=TV6f2XWG6t4C&pg=PA117&dq=From+there+they+retreated+to+other+islands+off+the+coast+of+China+including+Nan'ao+Island+to+the+east+of+Guangdong,+Shuangyu+Island+of+Wenzhou+in+Zhejiang,+Wuyu+Island+and+Yue+Harbor+in+Zhangzhou+of+Fujian,+where+they+colluded+with+powerful+and+wealthy+families,+scoundrels+of+the+sea+and+Japanese+pirates,+dealing+in+contraband+and+plundering.+In+1547,+the+Ming+court+appointed+Right+Deputy+Commander+and+imperial+agent+Zhu+Wang+as+provincial+commander+in+charge+of+Zhejiang+and+Fujian's+naval+defenses,+strictly+enforcing+the+ban+on+maritime+trade+and+intercourse+with+foreign+countries.+Zhu+Wan+also+destroyed+the+Portuguese+fortress+on+Shuangyu+Island+and+eradicated+all+Chinese+and+Foreign+buccaneers&hl=en&ei=yT_LTv6LNIbu0gHSo4xF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=From%20there%20they%20retreated%20to%20other%20islands%20off%20the%20coast%20of%20China%20including%20Nan'ao%20Island%20to%20the%20east%20of%20Guangdong%2C%20Shuangyu%20Island%20of%20Wenzhou%20in%20Zhejiang%2C%20Wuyu%20Island%20and%20Yue%20Harbor%20in%20Zhangzhou%20of%20Fujian%2C%20where%20they%20colluded%20with%20powerful%20and%20wealthy%20families%2C%20scoundrels%20of%20the%20sea%20and%20Japanese%20pirates%2C%20dealing%20in%20contraband%20and%20plundering.%20In%201547%2C%20the%20Ming%20court%20appointed%20Right%20Deputy%20Commander%20and%20imperial%20agent%20Zhu%20Wang%20as%20provincial%20commander%20in%20charge%20of%20Zhejiang%20and%20Fujian's%20naval%20defenses%2C%20strictly%20enforcing%20the%20ban%20on%20maritime%20trade%20and%20intercourse%20with%20foreign%20countries.%20Zhu%20Wan%20also%20destroyed%20the%20Portuguese%20fortress%20on%20Shuangyu%20Island%20and%20eradicated%20all%20Chinese%20and%20Foreign%20buccaneers&f=false. Retrieved 21st November 2011. "From there they retreated to other islands off the coast of China including Nan'ao Island to the east of Guangdong, Shuangyu Island of Wenzhou in Zhejiang, Wuyu Island and Yue Harbor in Zhangzhou of Fujian, where they colluded with powerful and wealthy families, scoundrels of the sea and Japanese pirates, dealing in contraband and plundering. In 1547, the Ming court appointed Right Deputy Commander and imperial agent Zhu Wang as provincial commander in charge of Zhejiang and Fujian's naval defenses, strictly enforcing the ban on maritime trade and intercourse with foreign countries. Zhu Wan also destroyed the Portuguese fortress on Shuangyu Island and eradicated all Chinese and Foreign buccaneers" 
  34. ^ C. Guillot, Denys Lombard, Roderich Ptak, ed (1998). From the Mediterranean to the China Sea: miscellaneous notes. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 179. ISBN 344704098X. http://books.google.com/books?id=aSEJqSQS7wkC&pg=PA179&dq=malacca+chinese++portuguese++attack&hl=en&ei=lyr1TYTtCKfn0QGi_6yFDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "Chinese authors have argued, the Malacca-Chinese were not treated too favorably by the Portuguese...it is generally true that Chinese ships tended to avoid Malacca after 1511, sailing to other ports instead. Presumably these ports were mainly on the east coast of the Malayan peninsula and on Sumatra. Johore, in the deep south of the peninsula, was another place where many Chinese went... After 1511, many Chinese who were Muslims sided with other Islamic traders against the Portuguese; according to The Malay Annals of Semarang and Cerbon, Chinese settlers living on northern Java even became involved in counter-attacks on Malacca. Javanese vessels were indeed sent out but suffered a disastrous defeat. Demak and Japara alone lost more than seventy sail." 
  35. ^ Peter Borschberg, ed (2004). Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka area and adjacent regions (16th to 18th century). Volume 14 of South China and maritime Asia (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 12. ISBN 3447051078. http://books.google.com/books?id=ggyl2FSzXvgC&pg=PA12&dq=malacca+chinese++portuguese++attack&hl=en&ei=lyr1TYTtCKfn0QGi_6yFDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=northern%20java%20counter%20attacks%20residents&f=false. Retrieved 14 December 2011. "still others withdrew to continue business with the Javanese, Malays and Gujaratis...When the Islamic world considered counter-attacks against Portuguese Melaka, some Chinese residents may have provided ships and capital. These Chinese had their roots either in Fujian, or else may have been of Muslim descent. This group may have consisted of small factions that fled Champa after the crisis of 1471." 
  36. ^ Names and Surnames among the Malays
  37. ^ http://freedownload.is/pdf/names-and-surnames-among-the-malays-1495749.html Names and Surnames among the Malays
  38. ^ Donna Jeremiah (2002). Cultural Melaka. IKSEP. ISBN 9832600014. http://books.google.com/books?id=VmMVAAAACAAJ&dq=Cultural+Melaka&hl=en&sa=X&ei=u6fvTtG0OeLm0QHW3-DvCQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 14 December 2011. 
  39. ^ http://ccm.um.edu.my/umweb/ics/workingpaper/2006-6.pdf

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